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The function of a circuit breaker in an electrical system is to shut off an electric circuit during overload situations. This safety device automatically interrupts the flow of electricity when it detects an overload or a short circuit, which prevents excessive current that could potentially lead to overheating, electrical fires, or damage to electrical devices. By doing so, circuit breakers play a critical role in protecting both the electrical system and any connected equipment from harmful conditions.

In contrast to the correct answer, regulating voltage pertains to devices such as transformers or voltage regulators which are designed to maintain voltage levels within certain limits. Enhancing electrical conductivity is primarily related to materials and substances that improve how easily electricity can flow, such as conductive metals, rather than a function of a circuit breaker. Increasing power supply involves augmenting the amount of electrical energy or capacity available in a system, which does not align with the protective role of a circuit breaker. Hence, the primary purpose of the circuit breaker is to ensure safety by disconnecting power when there is an overload.